Respiratory infections are common, especially during the colder months when we’re more likely to be indoors with others. While we’re all familiar with flu season, there are other viral infections that also contribute to respiratory illnesses. One such virus that is becoming increasingly recognized in both children and adults is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV).
In this blog, we’ll dive deep into what HMPV is, how it spreads, who is most at risk, and what can be done to manage and prevent it.
Understanding HMPV
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that belongs to the Metapneumovirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. It was first identified in 2001 in the Netherlands and has since been recognized as an important cause of respiratory infections around the world. HMPV is closely related to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus—viruses that also affect the respiratory system, particularly in young children and the elderly.
Symptoms of HMPV
HMPV causes symptoms that can resemble those of a cold, flu, or RSV. It primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual’s health and age. Common symptoms of HMPV infection include:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Shortness of breath or wheezing
- Fatigue and muscle aches
In some cases, especially in vulnerable populations, HMPV can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses, such as:
- Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs)
- Pneumonia (infection of the lungs)
- Respiratory failure (in extreme cases, requiring hospitalization and ventilation)
How Does HMPV Spread?
HMPV spreads in much the same way as other respiratory viruses. It is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. This makes it easy for the virus to spread in crowded places like schools, daycare centers, and households.
Additionally, HMPV can survive on surfaces for some time, and touching these surfaces and then touching the face (especially the mouth, nose, or eyes) can also lead to infection.
Who Is Most At Risk?
While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are more susceptible to severe illness, including:
- Infants and young children: Their immune systems are still developing, making them more vulnerable to complications.
- Older adults: The immune system weakens with age, and older adults are more prone to respiratory infections.
- People with weakened immune systems: Individuals with compromised immune systems—such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with conditions like HIV/AIDS—are at a higher risk.
- People with chronic respiratory conditions: Those with conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart disease are also at greater risk for severe illness.
Seasonality of HMPV
HMPV infections tend to peak during the fall and winter months, similar to other respiratory viruses like the flu and RSV. However, it can occur year-round, with occasional outbreaks happening outside of the typical flu season.
Diagnosis of HMPV
HMPV is diagnosed through laboratory tests, including a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test that detects the virus’s genetic material from a sample of respiratory secretions, such as a throat or nasal swab. This helps doctors confirm if a patient’s symptoms are caused by HMPV or another virus, allowing for proper treatment and care.
Treatment Options for HMPV
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Most cases are managed with supportive care to relieve symptoms. This may include:
- Rest: Allowing the body time to recover.
- Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.
- Fever-reducing medications: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be recommended to alleviate fever and discomfort.
- Oxygen therapy: In more severe cases, especially for infants and the elderly, oxygen therapy may be required to help with breathing.
In cases where the infection causes more severe illness, such as pneumonia, hospitalization may be necessary, and mechanical ventilation or other intensive care measures may be required.